CUTTING OILs are used in machining operations to reduce friction, provide lubrication and cooling properties, and prevent corrosion. Biological methods for treating wastewater from these OILs have low efficiency. Therefore, other methods should be considered to treat this type of wastewater. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of electrocoagulation for treatment of wastewater containing CUTTING OIL. In this regard, an electrochemical reactor equipped with two aluminum electrodes and a direct power source was used. The efficiency of the electrocoagulation process was evaluated by measuring the removal percentage of chemical oxygen demand in a certain time range. The effect of various operating parameters such as OIL concentration, applied voltage, stirring speed, initial pH, distance, and surface of electrodes on the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process was investigated. The results of the experiments showed that reducing the OIL concentration from 3% by volume to 0.5% by volume led to an increase in the efficiency of the purification process up to 97.3%. Increasing the voltage from 40V to 60V reduced the time required for wastewater treatment with the same efficiency from 50 min to 20 min. Decreasing the distance between the electrodes from 6 cm to 2 cm and increasing the effective area of the electrodes from 60 cm2 to 180 cm2 reduced the time required for purification to 20 min. Also, the results of the tests showed that the time required for the purification process at medium stirring speeds (150 rpm) is low. The obtained results showed that the removal percentage of chemical oxygen demand in the neutral environment was high (95.9%). Therefore, due to the simplicity of the method, low operating cost, and the ability to design on an industrial scale, the electrocoagulation method can be used for the treatment of wastewater containing CUTTING OIL.

Evaluating the CUTTING rate (CR) of stones is important in the cost estimation and the planning of the stone processing plants. This research used regression models to estimate the stones’ CR based on their physico-mechanical characteristics. Stone processing factories in Mahallat City (Markazi province, Iran) were visited, and the CR of diamond circular saws was recorded on six different travertine stones. Next, the stone block samples were collected from the quarries for laboratory tests. Stones’ porosity (n), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and Schmidt hammer hardness (SH) were determined in the laboratory as their physico-mechanical characteristics. Correlation relationships of CR with physico-mechanical characteristics were evaluated using simple and multiple regression analyses, and estimator models were developed. Results showed that multiple regression models are more reliable than simple regression for estimating the stones’ CR. The validity of the developed multiple regression models was verified with the published data of one researcher. The findings indicated that these models are accurate enough for estimating the CR of stones. Consequently, the multiple regression models provide practical advantages for estimating the CR and save time and cost during the planning and design of the stone processing factories.

Water is consumed in almost all industries. Consequently the used water is turning to a waste that usually should be treated to meet the regulated standard level prior to reuse or discharge into the environment. CUTTING OIL wastewater is an emulsion normally comprised of1-10% OIL and the remainder water. The main functions of this OIL in industry are lubrication, friction reduction, and cooling of instrument’s parts. This wastewater is classified as a toxic waste according to the existence of some additive material to prevent corrosion and bacterial growth. Breakage of the emulsion and separation of the water and the OIL can alone reduce more than about 90% of the aqueous phase pollution and prepare it for treatment.

metalworking and CUTTING machining operations (soapy water) is a name that part of the OILs or liquids is called for cooling or mental work when the metal CUTTING operations, CUTTING, working holes and.....That are used since the lubricants and fluids are operating with widely used and are everywhere, pollution from these materials as widely, but values are low. Pollution from lubricants and fluids, and high levels of operational focus as can be seen. In this article, environmental and health effects of CUTTING OILs, and machining operations base OIL (soapy water) on humans and the environment will check.

Introduction Dill (Anethum graveolens L. ) is an annual medicinal plant belonging to the Apiaceae family and is native to the Southwest and Central Asia. This plant is not susceptible to cold and germination occurs at low temperatures. The vegetative period of this plant is short and from seed emergence till the fruit harvesting reaches 100 to 120 days. Based on long-term studies, excessive use of chemical fertilizers has a negative effect on plant yield resulting sOIL acidification, negative effect on sOIL biological activity and physical and chemical properties. In addition, application of chemical fertilizers mean while environmental impacts increases production costs in the long term. According to literatures, the use of organic or biological fertilizers to reduce the mentioned problems can be especially valued. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effects of organic, chemical fertilizers and mycorrhizae inoculation on yield and yield components of dill in different cuts, an experiment was carried out in the Research Station, College of Agriculture, the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in 2013. The experiment was carried out in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were all combination of organic and chemical fertilizers in four levels (cow manure, vermicompost, chemical fertilizer and control) and three levels of Mycorrhiza inoculation (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and no inoculation). The collected data were analyzed as split-plot design in time based on randomized complete block design (due to having three cuts during growing season). The 12 fertilizer treatments and three cuts were considered as main and sub plots, respectively. Results and Discussion The results showed that the highest (4259 kg. ha-1) and the lowest fresh yield (2043 kg. ha-1) were obtained in second cut and third cut, respectively. The results indicated that Leaf Area Index, fresh and dry matter yield, percentage and essential OIL yield were significantly different between inoculated mycorrhizae treatments and control treatment. However, there was no significant difference (p<0. 05) between Glomus mosseae and and Glomus intraradices in terms of former mentioned criteria. Fresh and dry matter yield and essential OIL yield of dill were significantly higher in organic fertilizers treatments (vermicompost and cow manure) compared with chemical fertilizer. The results showed that using organic fertilizers have a better performance than chemical fertilizers in growing dill both in quality and quantity. The effects of fertilizer and mycorrhiza on leaf/stem ratio, grain yield, dry matter yield and essential OIL yield were significant. The results of the experiment showed that in each level of mycorrhizal application, the use of vermicompost increased the leaf/stem ratio, so that, underGlomusintraradices inoculum conditions, the use of this organic fertilizer resulted in an increase of 16% leaf/stem ratio compared to the control. Also, in the absence of mycorrhizal inoculation, vermicompost and animal manure application resulted in a significant increase in leaf/stem ratio. The results of the experiment showed that the fresh and dry yield of the vegetative parts of the drill were significantly higher than other treatments in inoculation of mycorrhizal and animal manure treatments, so that the application of the mentioned treatment, fresh and dry yield of the vegetative parts increased by two times compared with control treatment. In addition, the results of the experiment showed that the essential OIL yield increased as a result of the combined application of animal manure and mycorrhizal treatments, so that the application of vermicompost fertilizer and G. mosseae compared to control treatment increased the essential OIL yield by more than four times. Conclusion According to the results of the experiment, mycorrhizal application has an important role in improving the growth characteristics and dry matter yield, especially in cut II and III. In addition to mycorrhizal inoculation, application of livestock manure and vermicompost can play an important role in increasing the yield of drill at different CUTTING. Combined use of mycorrhiza inoculum and organic fertilizers can reduce the problems caused by the use of chemical fertilizers.

Background: Volatile organic compounds are a major source of air pollution affecting human health and the environment. Different methods are used to remove these pollutants from air streams including conventional and biological methods. Objectives: In this study, the absorption and biodegradation of toluene were examined in a semi-industrial bioscrubber in order to enhance the absorption rate of toluene in the aqueous phase. Methods: The effect of CUTTING OIL was examined as the organic phase. Mass transfer was measured for water only, as well as for three concentrations of CUTTING OIL in water. The growth of microorganisms in the presence of different concentrations of CUTTING OIL was investigated. The microbial consortium was obtained from a wastewater treatment plant in order to inoculate the bioscrubber. First, the ability of the microbial consortium was tested for the degradation of toluene in a bottle. Results: The results showed 98% of toluene in the bottle was degraded by the microbial consortium. In addition, the use of CUTTING OIL significantly decreased kla (from 3. 8 to 0. 37). Concerning bioscrubber performance, the use of CUTTING OIL as the organic phase increased the efficiency and elimination capacity from 22. 5 to 55 and from 34 to 69, respectively, in the case of OIL in water. The elimination rate of toluene increased as 32. 5% by adding the CUTTING OIL.

Low CUTTING forces can signi cantly reduce the risk of damage to sensitive tissues adjacent to the bone. Because of its better control of the incision, lower CUTTING force and reduced postoperative complications, the application of ultrasonic tools in bone-CUTTING is of concern to surgeons. In this study, through the application of a full factorial design of experiments, the e ects of changes in CUTTING tool geometry, ultrasonic power, bone-CUTTING direction, and tool speed on the CUTTING forces of cortical bone are assessed simultaneously. The variance and regression of the experimental data are analyzed, and the impact of factors and interactions of the elements on the CUTTING forces are discussed. The adjusted coe cient of determination (R 2 adj) of the main CUTTING force and CUTTING resistance force of the statistical model were 91. 49% and 91. 15%, respectively. Both the blade geometry and ultrasonic power, together with their interactions, are the most in uential factors in the CUTTING forces, contributing 82. 2% and 86. 6%, respectively. The formation of teeth in the CUTTING edge improves the CUTTING process and reduces the CUTTING force by about 40%. To obtain high e ciency and low CUTTING force, it is recommended to use an ultrasonic-powered toothed edge blade with a pitch of 1 mm, a low vertical velocity, and a high longitudinal speed.

In order to investigate the effects of two sowing time (middle of May and early June) and four plant density (8, 12, 16 and 20 plants.m-2) on yield and essential OIL content of peppermint at two CUTTING stages, an experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz during growing season of 2003-2004. These treatments were performed as factorial based of randomized complete block design with three replications. The result of the first CUTTING showed that plant sowing at the early June and eight plants. m-2 densities had the highest leaf (4.47%) and plant (2.92%) essential OIL percentage, but these factors and their interaction effects did not effect on the essential OIL yield. In the second CUTTING, the highest plant essential OIL was observed in plant sowing at early June and 12 plants/m2 densities. The highest essential OIL yield in second CUTTING produced in middle of May sowing time. The results of two CUTTING stages showed that the fresh and dry yield decreased by delaying in sowing time.

AISI 4340 steel is a low alloy steel with high tensile strength that has numerous applications in industry. Machinability of this alloy steel is difficult due to its low heat conduction and high heat concentration in CUTTING zone. Therefore, use of CUTTING fluids in machining of this steel is inevitable. On the other hand, environmental problems of using mineral lubricants lead industries to use of biodegradable OILs such as Vegetable-based CUTTING fluids. The aim of this study is to investigate the drilling of AISI4340 alloy steel in presence of semi-dry lubricant using soybean vegetable-based OIL. For this purpose, drilling parameters including feed rate and CUTTING speed at three levels and workpiece hardness at two levels were chosen. Totally 18 experiments were carried out using coated carbide drill. Results revealed that vegetable-based OIL can be used effectively in drilling using a semi-dry lubrication method. In addition, feed rate was the most effective parameter on CUTTING force and surface roughness and by increasing it, the CUTTING force increased, and the surface quality deteriorated. Also, workpiece hardness showed significant effect on surface roughness.